Mencari makalah yang lain :

Google
 

Thursday, April 26, 2007

Kebudayaan: Arena Pertarungan Kelas

Oleh: Merah Johansyah Ismail *


Di Sore hari yang teduh, Setelah sholat ashar dan ketika matahari telah condong ke barat. Mak Kumala seorang wanita setengah baya beserta suaminya, Pak Masdar nampak sibuk menganyam sebuah keranjang kecil yang terbuat dari bambu tipis. mereka biasa menyebutnya kelengkang. sebuah keranjang tempat beras empat warna, sebutir telur ayam kampung ditambah sebilah dupa Cina. Semua perkakas tersebut merupakan perlengkapan ritual “melepas ayam”, sebuah ritual yang dipercayai oleh masyarakat kampung nyerakat untuk “bernegosiasi” dengan makhluk gaib berupa jin dan makhluk halus penunggu kampung mereka. Nyerakat adalah nama kampung halaman mak kumala dan pak masdar. Sebuah kampung yang terletak di Bontang Selatan yang daerahnya mulai dihuni tahun 1942-an. dahulu menurut tradisi lisan yang berkembang, daerah ini disebut “sekambing”. Namun kini diganti oleh walikota dengan sebutan yang menurut pemerintah lebih “sopan” dan lebih enak didengar di telinga yaitu “bontang Lestari”. Menurut pemerintah sebutan itu lebih pas ketimbang “sekambing” yang ketinggalan zaman.

Mak kumala bercerita bahwa tadi siang, sebelum dzuhur ada seorang kontraktor penambangan dan pengangkut pasir yang punya proyek pembangunan jalan raya di santan datang. Mereka meminta bantuan mak kumala untuk memberikan sesajen atau ritual adat yang dipercaya warga sekitar dapat mencegah hal-hal yang nantinya dapat mengganggu aktivitas proyek yang selama ini ‘kesohor’ terjadi, berupa gangguan makhluk halus, jin, penunggu hutan dllnya. Kampung nyerakat memang terkenal angker bagi aktivitas pembangunan dan proyek baik pemerintah dan perusahaan yang lalu lalang tanpa permisi dengan sang penunggu kampung yakni makhluk halus dan jin, yang menurut mereka “kehadirannya” sudah terlebih dahulu ada bahkan sebelum manusia hadir. Mulai dari truk yang terbalik hingga kendaraan berat proyek yang mogok tanpa sebab seringkali menjadi tumbalnya.

Mitos dan Subkultur

Dunia metafisik semacam itu hanya bisa lahir dari kehidupan yang mengenal ‘misteri’ dan ‘pesona’, dari masyarakat yang masih hidup dalam kosmos yang “mysterium, tremendum, fascinans” [“yang misterius, agung, mempesona” -- sebutan ini berasal dari Rudolf Otto, teolog Protestan asal Jerman abad 20]. titik menarik dari fenomena nyerakat adalah pada proses persentuhan antara ritual dengan modernisasi tersebut. Mak kumala dan komunitas kampung nyerakat justru menggunakan “kosmologi dan mitos dunia mereka” untuk melakukan perlawanan tertutup atas modernitas. Perlawanan ini dalam kajian Cultural Studies, dapat berupa siasat atau negoisasi, antara komunitas nyerakat sebagai subkultur terhadap negara dan perusahaan sebagai kultur dominan!

“kehadiran” mak kumala ketika melakukan ritual tersebut di lokasi penambangan pasir sore itu bak pahlawan yang ditunggu-tunggu. dengan segala “kesaktian”nya, Posisi mak kumala dan komunitas nyerakat sebagai subkultur tiba-tiba setara bahkan dominan ketika mereka dapat menciptakan mitos tandingan tersebut [Hebdige; From Culture to Hegemony, 2004 ] mitos tandingan ini yang memaksa kultur dominan untuk ikut melibatkan dan berkompromi dengan komunitas lokal atau subkultur, sesuatu apa yang disebut Hebdige sebagai de-mistifikasi. begitulah siasat atau negosiasi komunitas lokal atau subkultur bertahan dari serangan modernitas dan segala turunannya.

Pergunjingan genit tentang pertarungan kelas [class war] memang lebih banyak macet di perdebatan tentang basis dan superstruktur versi marxisme klasik yaitu determinasi ekonomi yang materialistik dan positivistik. Kebudayaan sebagai basis dan superstruktur yang lebih luas dan penting seolah-olah tergeser. Jauh-jauh gramsci seorang marxis kritis dari italia sudah memperingatkan ini lewat konsep hegemoni. Gramsci mengkritik dogma sejarah kaum marxis klasik tentang akan tibanya masa krisis kapitalisme yang digantikan secara alamiah oleh masa komunisme [revolusi pasif], bagi gramsci hegemoni adalah determinan non ekonomi dari sejarah. Determinan kebudayaan inilah yang menentukan, melembagakan dan melanggengkan kepemimpinan dengan cara melemahkan potensi lawan lewat kepatuhan aktif.

Hebdige mengacu dan meramu pengertian “mitos”nya dari barthes, “ideologi”nya althusser dan “hegemoni”nya gramsci untuk membangun teori subkultur. Dalam batas-batas tertentu teorinya tentang subkultur memacu dan membuka kran diskusi tentang gejala kepatuhan sehari-hari dan perlawanan dalam hidup sehari-hari.

Modernitas dan segala turunannya memang terlalu kuat, bagaikan gurita dengan karunia lengan yang lebih banyak, modernitas menjulurkan lengannya yang lain lewat subsistem kebudayaan lain yang sangat ampuh dan mujarab yaitu Agama. Agama yang didomplengi modernitas ini, menyerang dan menuding subkultur seperti praktik tradisi ritual dan “agama” rakyatnya mak kumala sebagai praktik dengan label “Musyrik” dan “Syirik” dan melawan ajaran agama.

Budaya Perlawanan

Dalam sejarah bangsa ini singkretisme sebagai subkultur dan budaya perlawanan telah tercatat walaupun sering diabaikan. Diantaranya perlawanan lewat perang petani di banten 1888 yang melibatkan kaum tarekat, para haji dan petani singkretis terhadap represi imperialisme belanda. Yang menarik menurut catatan Baso dalam karyanya Islam Pasca-Kolonial, pada tahun-tahun setelah itu belanda menciptakan lembaga bernama Kantoor voor indlandsche zaken yang merupakan embrio departemen agama sebagai strategi politik pengawasan agama-agama [Baso; 2005], bahkan kala itu ada aturan dan pasal yang dikeluarkan belanda tentang larangan menggunakan jimat.

Kultur dominan seperti agama modern memang selalu ingin menyingkirkan subkultur seperti agama rakyat berupa tradisi, ritual yang tradisional, mistis dan irasional. Pertarungan kelas zaman sekarang memang seharusnya tidak melulu merujuk pada pertarungan kelas masa lampau seperti di zaman industrial eropa yang memiliki konteksnya sendiri. Saat ini “Tanda” [baca; kebudayaan] telah menjadi ruang terbuka bagi pertarungan kelas yang sesungguhnya.[]


*Penulis sedang bergiat di NALADWIPA

Institute for Social and Cultural Studies Samarinda

Email:merahjoe@yahoo.co.id

Monday, April 23, 2007

How to Start Video Blogging?

by: Kanicen Nichathavan
Videoblogging is the next generation of posting ideas and products over the internet. Everybody knows about textblogging. Now they use videos for a better way of expression. This form of communication may entail a lot of resources, but it is all worth it. If pictures say a thousand words, videoblogging exceeds that by far.

A videoblog requires larger disk spaces on websites, a faster server, and a whole new set of programs to support it. Videoblogs can be fed through RSS. This is technology of syndicating your website to other RSS aggregators.

Videoblogging works with people on the internet expressing their selves. Now if you put this on a business prospective, you are up to a lot of benefits. Think of it as a powerful tool in making showing your prospective customers your line of products or your services. It’s just like showing a commercial all for free. And if you videoblog through RSS, then most probably you are getting your target market.

People like to see what they are going to buy. Some would like to see proof and be sure that they are getting their money’s worth before shelving their dimes on it. All of us know the influence of a thirty second commercial. The effect of videoblogging is similar to that. You show your product, people watch it. If they like it, they buy it. If you present it good enough, they’ll buy the product even if they don’t need it.

Now on the web, things are pretty much static, unlike in television in which all are moving. If you post something that is mobile, it would most likely catch attention. Now imaging your product parading in all it’s royalty through videoblog. You’ll get phone call orders in no time.

If your business is just starting up, you can create a videoblog right at your own home. All you need is your web camera, microphone, video software, and lights. For as long as you know how to use your camera, then you can create a videoblog.

Invest in a good web camera. The higher its resolution is the better the output. And you like to present your goods in the optimum way so get the best one possible. Make a short story, or just capture your goods in one go. Just make sure you are getting the best profile for each. Get those creativity juices flowing.

Lights are important in a production. Make sure you illuminate entirely the area you are going to use to create videoblog. The brighter the area, the crispier the images will be. You can also use lighting effects for added appeal to the presentation.

Should you require sounds for your videoblog, you need a microphone. Record you voice as a voice over for promoting the product and its benefit to consumers. Sounds are as important as videos on a videoblog. It is advisable to make your sound effects as enticing as the video.

Your video editing software can be any program. You need this to finalize your work. You can add sounds, delete some bad angles, or insert some still pictures in there too. Some programs are user-friendly and can be used even with zero knowledge on video editing. Even simple video editing programs should do the trick. Select your background carefully too. The light affects the presentation so make sure that the background and the light complements each other.

Videoblogging is a great tool but it also has it downside. It may slow down the computer so other may steer clear of it. Download time may also be time consuming especially if customer is still on a dial- up connection.

But don’t let those stop you. Let videoblogging be an alternative for you, though it is best to still keep the text and pictures present in your presentation to accommodate all possible viewers of your site.

Nowadays, the more creative you are in presenting your product to the market, they more you are likely to succeed. Videoblogging offers an interactive way of selling. You involve the customers. You instill in them the advantage of your goods. And at times, those are enough to make a sale.

Sunday, April 15, 2007

MLM Marketing the Perfect Home Business

by Kozan Huseyin

MLM Marketing is an amazing model of business to consider as your new Home Business. MLM Marketing allows you to free your time, schedule your own time, run your own business while also having the added benefit of having a proven system set out in front of you.

Get ready for a new lifestyle.

I was doing research at a salary research site today, and found the average person in MLM Marketing earns on average $120,000.

So it's something to consider, especially as more millionaires in the United States became a millionaire due to MLM Marketing and Network Marketing.

MLM Marketing is a way of business or business model which primarily operates its marketing through independent business people such as you and me, showing the product to other people.

Now if your looking at "Get Rich Quick" or don't want to meet people and share, show, introduce them into something then you will not be successful with MLM Marketing and I would strongly suggest you don't get in or you will only become one of the failures who says it doesn't work.

Right now we cleared that up, and you are still reading. Be prepared for an amazing extraordinary journey. A journey of a new lifestyle, success, and everything you could ever want. And also you get to meet like minded positive people who are going for there goals and outcomes.

Just wait for the conventions, usually in some nice place, which when you achieve going will give you even more confidence.

MLM Marketing is a great choice for a home business, as it gives you the ability of joining a company who is committed for your success. They have the road map, and the recipe for success. And with that recipe, you can do the same thing and you will get the same results or similar.

An even bigger reason to consider MLM Marketing as your new home business is you don't have to quit your job, and I suggest you stay in your job, till you see you are earning similar or more money from your MLM Marketing business.

A recent study showed that 85% of self employed people earn less than if they where working for someone else. MLM Marketing with its working system allows you to achieve much more and be a success.

One warning I have to give you is understand this is NOT overnight success. It does take time, and effort. It took me 4 months before getting any results. And you may have to go through several companies till you find the one that's right for you.

One suggestion I offer you is to research. Look at what is on offer. Don't just dive into the first MLM Marketing organisation you find. Find one which you really like the product/service. And that if you was to sell one million units you would still have a smile.

That's why I love the MLM Marketing organisation I work with at the min. It's a product I use myself ~ Self development. And I have the satisfaction that the person who joins gains major benefit also. And much more then the face value of the product.

Remember that last point.

Do what you love. If you're focused simply on making money, you won't make it. People who make it in MLM Marketing are the ones who care the most.

Look at the MLM Marketing organisation see if there is anyone who is at the level of incomes you want to achieve. Speak to them, see if they are willing to help you.

Try to get into companies where you are more closer to the top. A bit risky, but it means that you've got much more chance of success with the MLM Marketing company. The reason being is that whenever you speak to someone about the MLM Marketing company, you don't want everyone who's heard about it. You want to be the first. Microsoft became #1 due to coming to market first.

MLM Marketing is also a business which usually you can start with very small amount of investment, to get into the business. You still may need to factor in other costs, such as marketing, phone costs, car costs, etc... Though it's much easier to start in MLM Marketing then many other businesses. Treat it like a business, and success is assured, as long as you keep doing and adjusting, till you reach your goals.

I hope this information has been of great benefit to you. Make sure you know what you want out of it, your goals, and intentions for getting in. And if you need help I am always here to help you succeed.

In my next article to you I will be speaking about the steps to starting in your new MLM Marketing home business.

Till then...

As always, to your greatest success,

Kozan Huseyin.

Marketing Revolution

by Aurelio Aranda


***NEWS FLASH*** Have you heard? We are in a new revolution in 2007 when it comes to internet marketing. So, how can you get your piece of the pie? what trends and niches are out there that have the potential to make you a millionaire? Well, you wanted more than 6 figures right... Let me explain more about this internet revolution. You see, if you have been looking for a way to make your million or even supplement your income you've probably run into information about Network Marketing. I know many people have negative interpretations of this industry but guess what, it's no longer on trial. No, in fact it is said to be the best way for the average person to reach above average levels of achievement and income and ultimately true wealth. Don't take my word for it, just read work from top authors and billionaires, Guy Kiosaki and Donald Trump. OK so whats the revolution? Well, as you may know the average person in any industry can fail miserably and this industry is no different. One thing though that you may not have heard, the success rate for a network marketer is much higher than that of a traditional business. It's true and now we have a system before us that really can automate your business.

How to reduce your Adwords costs?

by ivan juras

No matter how many gurus you ask, you will always get a different answer to this question: how do I reduce my Adwords campaigns and max out earning potential?

Some experts will say that the best way to optimize your campaigns is to bid on high amounts of keywords in hope to get many clicks. This is a totally false direction, and will definitely break your budget. The optimal way that's always working for me is to research my keywords for 90% of my daily "work" time, and then use the 10% to set up a campaign.

You see, I never have more than 5-6 keywords which I bid on, and it always works. Why ? Because of the impressions. By eliminating the keywords which don't have the earning potential, or the keywords which are not highly relevant to the product or service you are selling, you are eliminating "bad impressions" and raising your CTR (click-through-rate). This way your ads will get higher on search engine rankings, and you will be able to lower your bid amounts.

Make sure that the keywords you pick are highly relevant and targeted. If you're just starting, you probably don't have thousands of dollars for your campaigns, and that's what gurus alway forget to tell you, because they do have that. Even to this day, I rarely set my daily budget over $10 for 1 campaign. By targeting specific keywords you will reduce the cost of your clicks, which will increase the chance of you selling something. Just be sure to laser-target the keywords you want to bid on.

Don't just stuff in keywords. It can cost you alot of money by getting untargeted visitors. By applying these simple principles, you'll be able to reduce your advertising costs and get more targeted visitors which results in more sales.